In the shadow of Korematsu : democratic liberties and national security

The national security and civil liberties tensions of the World War II mass incarceration link 9/11 and the 2015 Paris-San Bernardino attacks to the Trump era in America - an era darkened by accelerating discrimination against and intimidation of those asserting rights of freedom of religion, association and speech, and an era marked by increasingly volatile protests. This book discusses the broad civil liberties challenges posed by these past-into-the-future linkages highlighting pressing questions about the significance of judicial independence for a constitutional democracy committed both to security and to the rule of law. What will happen when those profiled, detained, harassed, or discriminated against under the mantle of national security turn to the courts for legal protection? How will the U.S. courts respond to the need to protect both society and fundamental democratic values of our political process? Will courts fall passively in line with the elective branches, as they did in Korematsu v. United States, or serve as the guardian of the Bill of Rights, scrutinizing claims of "pressing public necessity" as justification for curtailing fundamental liberties?These queries paint three pictures portrayed in this book. First, they portray the present-day significance of the Supreme Court's partially discredited, yet never overruled, 1944 decision upholding the constitutional validity of the mass Japanese American exclusion leading to indefinite incarceration - a decision later found to be driven by the government's presentation of "intentional falsehoods" and "willful historical inaccuracies" to the Court. Second, the queries implicate prospects for judicial independence in adjudging Harassment, Exclusion, Incarceration disputes in contemporary America and beyond. Third, and even more broadly for security and liberty controversies, the queries engage the American populace in shaping law and policy at the ground level by placing the courts' legitimacy on center stage. They address how critical legal advocacy and organized public pressure targeting judges and policymakers - realpolitik advocacy - at times can foster judicial fealty to constitutional principles while promoting the elective branches accountability for the benefit of all Americans. This book addresses who we are as Americans and whether we are genuinely committed to democracy governed by the Constitution.

• Preface p. xi
• Part 1 The Challenge
• Prologue p. 3
• Story 1  p. 3
• Story 2  p. 4
• Story 3  p. 5
• Campaign Prescriptions-the World War II Incarceration p. 5
• January and March 2017 Executive Orders-Religion-Targeting Exclusion and Removal p. 7
• Still Standing? p. 9
• 1 Overview: Judging National Security and Civil Liberties Controversies p. 11
• The Persisting Yet Uncertain Significance of Korematsu p. 11
• Colliding Views p. 12
• The Challenge p. 13
• The Approach p. 15
• Part 2 The Contested Cases
• 2 The 1944 Korematsu Supreme Court Decision p. 23
• The Setting p. 23
• The Legal Challenges p. 25
• Standard of Review p. 27
• Announced p. 27
• Applied p. 27
• The Dissenters-"The Ugly Abyss of Racism" p. 29
• The Evidence p. 30
• Acts of Disloyalty p. 30
• Insufficiency of Time p. 32
• Justice Jackson's "Loaded Weapon" Warning p. 33
• Continuing Import? p. 33
• 3 The 1980s Coram Nobis Cases p. 37
• Coram Nobis Overview p. 37
• The Falsified Facts on Military Necessity p. 39
• Espionage and Sabotage p. 39
• Insufficiency of Time p. 40
• The Cover-Up p. 42
• Burning All Evidence of the Original DeWitt Report p. 42
• Suppressing FBI and FCC Intelligence Service Reports p. 42
• Suppressing the ONI Report Findings and Recommendation against Mass Detention p. 43
• Squelching the Whistle-Blowing Burling Footnote p. 44
• Solicitor General Deceiving the Supreme Court p. 45
• Impacts p. 49
• 4 Korematsu's Chameleonic Deployment p. 51
• Post-9/11 War on Terror p. 53
• Responses p. 53
• Charges p. 53
• "Walking while Muslim" p. 54
• The (Ig)noble Lie p. 56
• A Philosophy of Lying p. 56
• Misleading Americans to Garner Support for National Security Actions p. 57
• Dissembling to Maintain a Culture of Fear p. 58
• Stifling Dissent p. 58
• Import p. 59
• Policymakers p. 59
• Jurists p. 61
• Hamdi-An Amalgam p. 62
• Standing Precedent: Direct Reference p. 64
• Influential Jurists p. 64
• Stare Decisis p. 66
• Standing Precedent: Implied Recognition p. 67
• Cautionary Tale p. 71
• Ironic Reference p. 71
• Loaded Weapon p. 72
• Part 3 The Next Steps
• 5 Jurisprudential Foundations p. 77
• Dissonant Approaches p. 77
• "All the Laws but One" p. 79
• "Watchful Care" p. 85
• The "Shadow Side of Law" p. 88
• "Watchful" Courts and Democracy p. 89
• 6 A Workable Method p. 95
• The Proposed Method p. 96
• Concerns p. 99
• Competence p. 99
• Impacts p. 100
• Boumediene and the Youngstown Framework p. 101
• Reviewing Noncitizen Restrictions p. 103
• The Method in Outline p. 106
• Step 1  p. 106
• Step 2  p. 106
• Soundness and Workability p. 107
• 7 Realpolitik Influences p. 109
• Post-9/11 Blueprint p. 110
• Realism-Critical Legal Advocacy and Public Pressure p. 112
• Advocacy and Pressure in Action: Dr. Wen Ho Lee p. 114
• Government Lies and "Evil Spies" p. 114
• Dr. Lees Proactive Response-Who Is Really on Trial? p. 115
• Judicial Transformation-From Deference to Scrutiny p. 115
• The Judge's Apology-"Led Astray" p. 116
• Critical Legal Advocacy and Public Pressure p. 117
• The World War II Incarceration Prosecution: Lessons Learned-And Lost p. 118
• Crossroads of Law, Politics, and Justice p. 119
• Part 4 Looking Back, Moving Ahead
• 8 In the Shadow of Korematsu p. 123
• The Wartime Legal Challenges p. 123
• Coram Nobis Reopenings p. 125
• Rasul (Enemy Combatants) p. 129
• Hedges (American Journalists) p. 131
• Hassan (American Muslim Community) p. 133
• The 2017 Exclusion Executive Orders p. 134
• 9 In the Light of Justice-Concluding Thoughts p. 141
• Reverberations p. 141
• Queries p. 142
• Toward Justice p. 143
• Epilogue p. 145
• Notes p. 147
• Table of Authorities p. 221
• Index p. 239