Employment discrimination

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• Preface p. xvii
• Part I Proving Discrimination
• Chapter 1 Individual Claims of Intentional Discrimination p. 3
• A Introduction p. 3
• B The Basic Analytical Framework: A Tripartite Formula p. 4
• C The Formula in Operation: Proving Pretext p. 6
• D An Alternative Evidentiary Approach for Mixed Motive Cases p. 15
• E After-Acquired Evidence p. 22
• F A Quick Word on Affirmative Defenses p. 25
• Chapter 2 Systemic Claims of Intentional Discrimination p. 27
• A Introduction p. 27
• B Using Statistics to Establish a Prima Facie Claim of Systemic Disparate Treatment: Teamsters and "The Inexorable Zero" p. 28
• C Another Statistical Model for Closer Cases of Systemic Disparate Treatment: Hazelwood p. 30
• D Yet a Third Model of Statistical Analysis for Multi-Factored Decisions: Bazemore p. 32
• E Another Brief Word on Affirmative Defenses p. 39
• F And, Finally, This ... p. 40
• Chapter 3 Non-Intentional Discrimination: Disparate Impact p. 41
• A Introduction p. 41
• B Establishing a Prima Facie Case of Impact Discrimination p. 42
• C Applying Impact Analysis to Multi-factored Decisions and Subjective Criteria p. 45
• D Defending Impact Claims: An Introduction p. 54
• 1 An Affirmative Defense to Title VII Impact Claims: Job-Relatedness and Business Necessity p. 54
• 2 An Employer's Alternative to Validation: "Norming" or Other Attempts to Avoid the Existence of Disparate Impact p. 57
• E That's Not All, Folks p. 62
• Part II Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act
• Chapter 4 A General Overview: Proper Plaintiffs, Suable Defendants, Covered Practices, Exceptions, and Exemptions p. 67
• A Introduction p. 67
• B Suable Defendants: Employers p. 68
• C Suable Defendants: Employment Agencies p. 72
• D Suable Defendants: Labor Organizations p. 74
• E Proper Plaintiffs: "Employees" and "Individuals" p. 76
• F Covered Practices p. 78
• G Exceptions and Exemptions: Overview p. 80
• H The Religious Discrimination Exemption for Religious Institutions p. 81
• Chapter 5 Special Proof Issues Under Title VII: Defenses, Sexual Harassment, and Retaliation p. 93
• A Introduction: The Basic Proof Formulations Redux p. 93
• B Affirmative Defense to Intentional Discrimination: §703 (e)(1) - The BFOQ Defense p. 94
• C Affirmative Defenses to Impact-Based Discrimination: §703 (h) - Bona Fide Seniority or Merit Systems and Professionally Developed Ability Tests p. 102
• D Sexual Harassment: Is It Actionable Discrimination? p. 106
• E Sexual Harassment: Is the Defendant Employer Liable? p. 114
• F Retaliation p. 121
• Chapter 6 Specific issues Involving the Five Protected Classifications: Race, Color, Religion, Sex, and National Origin p. 133
• A Religion-Based Discrimination and the Duty to Accommodate p. 133
• B National Origin-Based Discrimination p. 138
• C Discrimination on the Basis of Race and Color p. 141
• D Discrimination on the Basis of Sex p. 142
• 1 Introduction p. 142
• 2 The "Sex-Plus" Doctrine p. 142
• 3 Discrimination on the Basis of Pregnancy p. 144
• 4 An Aside: The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 p. 148
• 5 Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation p. 149
• 6 Reliance on Sex-Based Actuarial Tables p. 151
• Chapter 7 Enforcement: Procedures p. 157
• A Title VII Procedural Requirements for Nonfederal Employees: Overview p. 157
• B The First Step: Federal and State Administrative Charges p. 158
• C Determining the Date of Discrimination p. 169
• D Individual Suits: Permissible Scope p. 178
• E Individual Suits: Preclusive Effect of Administrative and State Court Rulings p. 179
• F The Impact of Arbitration Agreements on Litigating Title VII Claims p. 180
• G Suits by the EEOC p. 187
• H Procedural Requirements for Federal Employees p. 188
• I Class Actions: Overview p. 191
• J Class Actions: Rule 23 Analysis p. 192
• Chapter 8 Enforcement: Remedies p. 199
• A Overview p. 199
• B Equitable Relief p. 200
• 1 Injunctive Relief p. 200
• 2 Back Pay p. 202
• 3 Attorney's Fees p. 203
• C Legal Relief p. 213
• 1 Compensatory Relief p. 213
• 2 Punitive Damages p. 216
• 3 Cap on Damages p. 218
• 4 Taxation of Monetary Damage Awards p. 219
• D Equitable and Legal Remedies in Cases Involving Systemic Discrimination p. 219
• E Affirmative Action p. 220
• 1 Overview p. 220
• 2 The Constitutional Limits p. 221
• 3 Statutory Limits-Title VII Scrutiny of Affirmative Action p. 224
• Part III Other Federal Antidiscrimination Statutes
• Chapter 9 The Reconstruction Civil Rights Acts - 42 U.S.C. §§1981, 1983, and 1985 - and the Equal Pay Act p. 235
• A The Civil Rights Act of 1866-42 U.S.C. §1981 p. 235
• 1 Overview p. 235
• 2 Coverage and Substantive Provisions p. 236
• 3 Procedures and Remedies p. 238
• B The Civil Rights Act of 1871, Section One - 42 U.S.C, §1983 p. 244
• C The Civil Rights Act of 1871, Section Two - 42 U.S.C. §1985(3) p. 250
• D The Equal Pay Act p. 252
• 1 Overview p. 252
• 2 Coverage and Substantive Provisions p. 252
• 3 Relationship to Title VII p. 255
• 4 Procedure and Remedies p. 256
• Chapter 10 The Age Discrimination in Employment Act p. 261
• A Overview p. 261
• B Coverage p. 261
• C The Meaning of Age Discrimination p. 263
• D Proving and Defending Intentional Age-Based Discrimination Claims p. 263
• E Proving and Defending Disparate Impact Claims p. 273
• F Voluntary and Involuntary Retirement p. 274
• G Public Employees and Constitutional Challenges to Age Discrimination p. 276
• H Procedure and Remedies for Nonfederal Employees p. 280
• I Federal Employees p. 283
• Chapter 11 Discrimination on the Basis of Disability p. 289
• A The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) p. 289
• 1 Overview p. 289
• 2 The Meaning of "Disability" p. 291
• a "Regarded As" p. 291
• b Physical or Mental Impairment p. 292
• c Substantially Limiting p. 293
• d Major Life Activities p. 296
• 3 The Meaning of "Otherwise Qualified" p. 302
• 4 The Dual Meaning of Discrimination p. 306
• a Proving Adverse Action-Based Discrimination: Intentional and Disparate Impact Claims and Retaliation p. 306
• b Causation p. 308
• c Associational Discrimination p. 308
• d Defending Adverse Action-Based Discrimination Claims p. 309
• i Direct Threat p. 309
• ii Bona Fide Insurance Plans p. 310
• iii Job-Relatedness and Business Necessity p. 311
• iv Religious Entities p. 311
• e The Duty to Accommodate p. 314
• i A Few Words About Genetic Testing p. 319
• ii Drug Testing and Other Medical Examinations p. 320
• 5 Procedures and Remedies p. 324
• B The Federal Rehabilitation Act of 1973 p. 325
• C Constitutional Claims p. 326
• Index p. 329