General chemistry : principles and modern applications.

For first year general chemistry courses. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications is recognised for its superior problems, lucid writing, precision of argument, and precise and detailed treatment of the subject. Popular and innovative features include Feature Problems, follow-up A and B Practice Exercises to accompany every in-chapter Example, Focus On application boxes, and Keep in Mind marginal notes. *NEW-Expanded, reorganised, updated. Providing students with the most current, comprehensive coverage of the topic. *NEW- Emphasis on organic compounds. *NEW- SI units usage. *NEW- Expanded wave mechanics coverage. Provides students with a strong, understandable presentation of the subject. *NEW- Reorganised Lewis structure presentation. Provides students with a clear exposition of a general strategy for writing such structures. *NEW- More molecular art and illustrations. *NEW- Keep in Mind marginal notes. Reminds students of ideas introduced earlier in the text that must be understood in relation to the subject at hand. *Complete, precise coverage of general chemistry principles. *Diverse, thought-provoking exercises. *Timely applications. *Focus On boxes - Conclude e

• About the Authors
• Preface
• Student's Guide to Using this Text
• 1 Matter-Its Properties and Measurement
• 1-1 The Scientific Method
• 1-2 Properties of Matter
• 1-3 Classification of Matter
• 1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units
• 1-5 Density and Percent Composition: Their Use in Problem Solving
• 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
• 1-7 Significant Figures
• Focus on The Scientific Method at Work: Polywater
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 2 Atoms and the Atomic Theory
• 2-1 Early Chemical Discoveries and the Atomic Theory
• 2-2 Electrons and Other Discoveries in Atomic Physics
• 2-3 The Nuclear Atom
• 2-4 Chemical Elements
• 2-5 Atomic Masses
• 2-6 Introduction to the Periodic Table
• 2-7 The Concept of the Mole and the Avogadro Constant
• 2-8 Using the Mole Concept in Calculations
• Focus on Occurrence and Abundances of the Elements
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 3 Chemical Compounds
• 3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds and Their Formulas
• 3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds
• 3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds
• 3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing Chemical Compounds
• 3-5 Naming Compounds: Organic and Inorganic Compounds
• 3-6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic Compounds
• 3-7 Names and Formulas of Organic Compounds
• Focus on Mass Spectrometry-Determining Molecular Formulas
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 4 Chemical Reactions
• 4-1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations
• 4-2 Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry
• 4-3 Chemical Reactions in Solution
• 4-4 Determining the Limiting Reactant
• 4-5 Other Practical Matters in Reaction Stoichiometry
• Focus on Industrial Chemistry
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 5 Introduction to Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
• 5-1 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions
• 5-2 Precipitation Reactions
• 5-3 Acid-Base Reactions
• 5-4 Oxidation-Reduction: Some General Principles
• 5-5 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations
• 5-6 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents
• 5-7 Stoichiometry of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions: Titrations
• Focus on Water Treatment
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 6 Gases
• 6-1 Properties of Gases: Gas Pressure
• 6-2 The Simple Gas Laws
• 6-3 Combining the Gas Laws: The Ideal Gas Equation and the General Gas Equation
• 6-4 Applications of the Ideal Gas Equation
• 6-5 Gases in Chemical Reactions
• 6-6 Mixtures of Gases
• 6-7 Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases
• 6-8 Gas Properties Relating to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
• 6-9 Nonideal (Real) Gases
• Focus on
• Earth's Atmosphere
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 7 Thermochemistry 220
• 7-1 Getting Started: Some Terminology
• 7-2 Heat
• 7-3 Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry
• 7-4 Work
• 7-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
• 7-6 Heats of Reaction: DU and DH
• 7-7 Indirect Determination of DH: Hess's Law
• 7-8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
• 7-9 Fuels as Sources of Energy
• Focus on Fats, Carbohydrates, and Energy Storage
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 8 Electrons in Atoms
• 8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation
• 8-2 Atomic Spectra
• 8-3 Quantum Theory
• 8-4 The Bohr Atom
• 8-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum Mechanics
• 8-6 Wave Mechanics
• 8-7 Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals
• 8-8 Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom
• 8-9 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number
• 8-10 Multielectron Atoms
• 8-11 Electron Configurations
• 8-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
• Focus on Helium-Neon Lasers
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 9 The Periodic Table and Some Atomic Properties
• 9-1 Classifying the Elements: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table
• 9-2 Metals and Nonmetals and Their Ions
• 9-3 The Sizes of Atoms and Ions
• 9-4 Ionization Energy
• 9-5 Electron Affinity
• 9-6 Magnetic Properties
• 9-7 Periodic Properties of the Elements
• Focus on the Periodic Law and Mercury
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 10 Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
• 10-1 Lewis Theory: An Overview
• 10-2 Covalent Bonding: An Introduction
• 10-3 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electrostatic Potential Maps
• 10-4 Writing Lewis Structures
• 10-5 Resonance
• 10-6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
• 10-7 Shapes of Molecules
• 10-8 Bond Order and Bond Lengths
• 10-9 Bond Energies
• Focus on Molecules in Space: Measuring Bond Lengths
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 11 Chemical Bonding II: Additional Aspects
• 11-1 What a Bonding Theory Should Do
• 11-2 Introduction to the Valence-Bond Method
• 11-3 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
• 11-4 Multiple Covalent Bonds
• 11-5 Molecular Orbital Theory
• 11-6 Delocalized Electrons: Bonding in the Benzene Molecule
• 11-7 Bonding in Metals
• 11-8 Some Unresolved Issues
• Can Electron Charge-Density Plots Help?
• Focus on Photoelectron Spectroscopy
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 12 Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces
• 12-1 Intermolecular Forces and Some Properties of Liquids
• 12-2 Vaporization of Liquids: Vapor Pressure
• 12-3 Some Properties of Solids
• 12-4 Phase Diagrams
• 12-5 Van der Waals Forces
• 12-6 Hydrogen Bonding
• 12-7 Network Covalent Solids and Ionic Solids
• 12-8 Crystal Structures
• 12-9 Energy Changes in the Formation of Ionic Crystals
• Focus on Liquid Crystals
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 13 Solutions and Their Physical Properties
• 13-1 Types of Solutions: Some Terminology
• 13-2 Solution Concentrations
• 13-3 Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process
• 13-4 Solution Formation and Equilibrium
• 13-5 Solubilities of Gases
• 13-6 Vapor Pressures of Solutions
• 13-7 Osmotic Pressure
• 13-8 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
• 13-9 Solutions of Electrolytes
• 13-10 Colloidal Mixtures
• Focus on Chromatography
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 14 Chemical Kinetics
• 14-1 Rate of a Chemical Reaction
• 14-2 Measuring Reaction Rates
• 14-3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law
• 14-4 Zero-Order Reactions
• 14-5 First-Order Reactions
• 14-6 Second-Order Reactions
• 14-7 Reaction Kinetics: A Summary
• 14-8 Theoretical Models for Chemical Kinetics
• 14-9 The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates
• 14-10 Reaction Mechanisms
• 14-11 Catalysis
• Focus on Combustion and Explosions
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 15 Principles of Chemical Equilibrium
• 15-1 Dynamic Equilibrium
• 15-2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression
• 15-3 Relationships Involving Equilibrium Constants
• 15-4 The Magnitude of an Equilibrium Constant
• 15-5 The Reaction Quotient, Q: Predicting the Direction of Net Change
• 15-6 Altering Equilibrium Conditions: Le ChÃótelier's Principle
• 15-7 Equilibrium Calculations: Some Illustrative Examples
• Focus on The Nitrogen Cycle and the Synthesis of Nitrogen Compounds
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 16 Acids and Bases
• 16-1 Arrhenius Theory: A Brief Review
• 16-2 Brønsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
• 16-3 Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale
• 16-4 Strong Acids and Strong Bases
• 16-5 Weak Acids and Weak Bases
• 16-6 Polyprotic Acids
• 16-7 Ions as Acids and Bases
• 16-8 Molecular Structure and Acid-Base Behavior
• 16-9 Lewis Acids and Bases
• Focus on Acid Rain
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 17 Additional Aspects of Acid-Base Equilibria
• 17-1 The Common-Ion Effect in Acid-Base Equilibria
• 17-2 Buffer Solutions
• 17-3 Acid-Base Indicators
• 17-4 Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves
• 17-5 Solutions of Salts of Polyprotic Acids
• 17-6 Acid-Base Equilibrium Calculations: A Summary
• Focus on Buffers in Blood
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 18 Solubility and Complex-Ion Equilibria
• 18-1 Solubility Product Constant, Ksp
• 18-2 Relationship Between Solubility and Ksp
• 18-3 Common-Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria
• 18-4 Limitations of the Ksp Concept
• 18-5 Criteria for Precipitation and Its Completeness
• 18-6 Fractional Precipitation
• 18-7 Solubility and pH
• 18-8 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
• 18-9 Qualitative Cation Analysis
• Focus on Shells, Teeth, and Fossils
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 19 Spontaneous Change: Entropy and Free Energy
• 19-1 Spontaneity: The Meaning of Spontaneous Change
• 19-2 The Concept of Entropy
• 19-3 Evaluating Entropy and Entropy Changes
• 19-4 Criteria for Spontaneous Change: The Second Law of Thermodynamics
• 19-5 Standard Free Energy Change, DG°
• 19-6 Free Energy Change and Equilibrium
• 19-7 DG° and as Functions of Temperature
• 19-8 Coupled Reactions
• Focus on Coupled Reactions in Biological Systems
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 20 Electrochemistry
• 20-1 Electrode Potentials and Their Measurement
• 20-2 Standard Electrode Potentials
• 20-3 DG, and
• 20-4 as a Function of Concentrations
• 20-5 Batteries: Producing Electricity Through Chemical Reactions
• 20-6 Corrosion: Unwanted Voltaic Cells
• 20-7 Electrolysis: Causing Nonspontaneous Reactions to Occur
• 20-8 Industrial Electrolysis Processes
• Focus on Membrane Potentials
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises eLaboratory Exercises
• 21 Chemistry of the Main-Group Elements I: Groups 1, 2, 13, and 14
• 21-1 Group 1: The Alkali Metals
• 21-2 Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals
• 21-3 Ions in Natural Waters: Hard Water
• 21-4 Group 13 Metals: The Boron Family
• 21-5 Group 14 Metals: The Carbon Family
• Focus on
• Gallium Arsenide
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 22 Main-Group Elements II: Groups 18, 17, 16, 15, and Hydrogen
• 22-1 Group 18: The Noble Gases
• 22-2 Group 17: The Halogens
• 22-3 Group 16: The Oxygen Family
• 22-4 Group 15: The Nitrogen Family
• 22-5 Hydrogen: A Unique Element
• Focus on
• The Ozone Layer and Its Environmental Role
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 23 The Transition Elements
• 23-1 General Properties
• 23-2 Principles of Extractive Metallurgy
• 23-3 Metallurgy of Iron and Steel
• 23-4 First-Row Transition Metal Elements: Scandium to Manganese
• 23-5 The Iron Triad: Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel
• 23-6 Group 11: Copper, Silver, and Gold
• 23-7 Group 12: Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury
• 23-8 Lanthanides
• Focus on High Temperature Superconductors
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 24 Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
• 24-1 Werner's Theory of Coordination Compounds: An Overview
• 24-2 Ligands
• 24-3 Nomenclature
• 24-4 Isomerism
• 24-5 Bonding in Complex Ions: Crystal Field Theory
• 24-6 Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds and Crystal Field Theory
• 24-7 Color and the Colors of Complexes
• 24-8 Aspects of Complex-Ion Equilibria
• 24-9 Acid-Base Reactions of Complex Ions
• 24-10 Some Kinetic Considerations 1
• 24-11 Applications of Coordination Chemistry
• Focus on
• Colors in Gemstones
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 25 Nuclear Chemistry
• 25-1 Radioactivity
• 25-2 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Isotopes
• 25-3 Nuclear Reactions and Artificially Induced Radioactivity
• 25-4 Transuranium Elements
• 25-5 Rate of Radioactive Decay
• 25-6 Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
• 25-7 Nuclear Stability
• 25-8 Nuclear Fission
• 25-9 Nuclear Fusion
• 25-10 Effect of Radiation on Matter
• 25-11 Applications of Radioisotopes
• Focus on Radioactive Waste Disposal
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 26 Organic Chemistry
• 26-1 Organic Compounds and Structures: An Overview
• 26-2 Alkanes
• 26-3 Alkenes and Alkynes
• 26-4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• 26-5 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
• 26-6 Aldehydes and Ketones
• 26-7 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
• 26-8 Amines
• 26-9 Heterocyclic Compounds
• 26-10 Nomenclature of Stereoisomers in Organic Compounds
• 26-11 An Introduction to Substitution Reactions at Hybridized Carbon Atoms
• 26-12 Synthesis of Organic Compounds
• 26-13 Polymerization Reactions
• Focus on Natural And Synthetic Dyes
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• 27 Chemistry of the Living State
• 27-1 Chemical Structure of Living Matter: An Overview
• 27-2 Lipids
• 27-3 Carbohydrates
• 27-4 Proteins
• 27-5 Aspects of Metabolism
• 27-6 Nucleic Acids
• Focus on Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code
• Summary Integrative Example Exercises
• Integrative and Advanced Exercises Feature Problems
• Self Assessment Questions eMedia Exercises
• Appendixes
• A Mathematical Operations
• A-1 Exponential Arithmetic
• A-2 Logarithms
• A-3 Algebraic Operations
• A-4 Graphs
• A-5 Using Conversion Factors (Dimensional Analysis)
• B Some Basic Physical Concepts
• B-1 Velocity and Acceleration
• B-2 Force and Work
• B-3 Energy
• B-4 Magnetism
• B-5 Static Electricity
• B-6 Current Electricity
• B-7 Electromagnetism
• C SI Units
• C-1 SI Base Units
• C-2 SI Prefixes
• C-3 Derived SI Units A
• C-4 Units to Be Discouraged or Abandoned A16
• D Data Tables
• D-1 Ground-State Electron Configurations
• D-2 Thermodynamic Properties of Substances at 298.15 K 
• D-3 Equilibrium Constants
• D-4 Standard Electrode (Reduction) Potentials at 25 °C
• E Concept Mapping
• F Glossary
• G Answers to Practice Examples and Selected Exercises
• H Answers to Concept Assessment Questions and Self-Assessment Exercises
• Photo Credits
• Index