Measuring health : a guide to rating scales and questionnaires

Worldwide economic constraints on health care systems have stressed the need to monitor the outcomes of care and the output of the health system. This is the second edition of a reference book that provides in-depth reviews of the quality of the leading health measurements that are used for these purposes. Its principal aim is to guide the reader in choosing among rival measurement methods and to score the instrument chosen. The book also provides a critical overview of the field of health measurement, with a technical introduction and discussion of the history and future directions for measurements in each area. Eighty-eight measurements that evaluate health via questionnaires or rating scales are reviewed.. Reviews of the 50 scales included in the first edition have been updated, the original chapters have been expanded to include new methods, and two new chapters have been written. The book covers measurements of physical disability, social health, psychological well-being, depression, mental status testing, pain, general health status and quality of life. Each chapter presents a tabular comparison of the quality of the instruments. The description of each method covers its purpose and conceptual basis, its reliability and validity, and a copy of the scale is shown. This book is intended as a reference work for researchers from the medical and social sciences, and for health professionals wishing to evaluate the progress of their patients. The first edition was praised for its accurate and thorough descriptions of measurement scales and for its contributions to improving the science of health measurement. It has always been used as a text in health services research courses. The second edition further strengthens these qualities.

• List of Exhibits p. xiii
• 1 Introduction p. 3
• Background p. 3
• Selection of Instruments for Review p. 3
• Structure of the Book p. 4
• Style and Content of the Reviews p. 5
• Format for the Reviews p. 5
• Evaluating a Health Measurement: The User's Perspective p. 7
• 2 The Theoretical and Technical Foundations of Health Measurement p. 10
• The Evolution of Health Indicators p. 11
• Types of Health Measurements p. 12
• Theoretical Bases for Measurement: Psychophysics and Psychometrics p. 16
• Numerical Estimates of Health p. 18
• Scaling Methods p. 18
• Psychometric Methods p. 20
• Methods Derived from Economics and Decision Analysis p. 23
• Identifying and Controlling Biases in Subjective Judgments p. 25
• Conceptual Bases for Health Measurements p. 27
• The Quality of a Measurement: Validity and Reliability p. 30
• Assessing Validity p. 30
• Criterion Validity p. 31
• Construct Validity p. 34
• Correlational Evidence of Validity p. 34
• Factorial Validity p. 36
• Group Differences and Sensitivity to Change p. 37
• Construct Validity: Conclusion p. 39
• Assessing Reliability p. 39
• Internal Consistency p. 42
• Interpreting Reliability Coefficients p. 45
• Summary p. 46
• 3 Physical Disability and Handicap p. 55
• The Evolution of Physical Disability Measurements p. 55
• Scope of the Chapter p. 58
• The Pulses Profile p. 62
• The Barthel Index p. 66
• The Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, or ADL p. 74
• The Kenny Self-Care Evaluation p. 78
• The Physical Self-Maintenance Scale p. 84
• The Disability Interview Schedule p. 88
• The Lambeth Disability Screening Questionnaire p. 89
• The OECD Long-Term Disability Questionnaire p. 93
• The Functional Status Rating System p. 95
• The Rapid Disability Rating Scale p. 97
• The Functional Status Index p. 100
• The Patient Evaluation Conference System p. 103
• The Functional Activities Questionnaire p. 108
• The Health Assessment Questionnaire p. 111
• The MOS Physical Functioning Measure p. 119
• The Functional Autonomy Measurement System p. 122
• The Functional Independence Measure p. 141
• Conclusion p. 149
• 4 Social Health p. 150
• Social Adjustment and Social Roles p. 151
• Social Support p. 152
• Scope of the Chapter p. 153
• The Social Relationship Scale p. 155
• The Social Support Questionnaire p. 158
• The RAND Social Health Battery p. 161
• The MOS Social Support Survey p. 165
• The Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire p. 168
• The Duke Social Support and Stress Scale p. 170
• The Katz Adjustment Scales p. 173
• The Social Functioning Schedule p. 177
• The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction p. 180
• The Social Adjustment Scale p. 184
• The Social Maladjustment Schedule p. 194
• The Social Dysfunction Rating Scale p. 196
• The Structured and Scaled Interview to Assess Maladjustment p. 199
• Conclusion p. 203
• 5 Psychological Well-being p. 206
• Scope of the Chapter p. 208
• The Health Opinion Survey p. 210
• The Twenty-Two Item Screening Score of Psychiatric Symptoms p. 216
• The Affect Balance Scale p. 221
• The Positive and Negative Affect Scale p. 225
• The Life Satisfaction Index p. 231
• The Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale p. 236
• The General Well-Being Schedule p. 240
• The RAND Mental Health Inventory p. 247
• The Health Perceptions Questionnaire p. 253
• The General Health Questionnaire p. 259
• Conclusion p. 271
• 6 Anxiety p. 273
• Theoretical Approaches to Anxiety p. 274
• Anxiety and Depression p. 276
• Anxiety Measurements p. 277
• The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale p. 279
• The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale p. 286
• The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale p. 294
• The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale p. 302
• The Zung Anxiety Status Inventory p. 302
• The Beck Anxiety Inventory p. 306
• The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales p. 313
• The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory p. 319
• Conclusion p. 327
• 7 Depression p. 329
• Classifications of Depression p. 330
• Measurement of Depression p. 332
• Scope of the Chapter p. 333
• The Beck Depression Inventory p. 335
• The Self-Rating Depression Scale p. 344
• The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale p. 350
• The Geriatric Depression Scale p. 359
• The Depression Adjective Check Lists p. 364
• The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression p. 369
• The Brief Assessment Schedule-Depression p. 378
• The Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale p. 382
• The Carrol Rating Scale for Depression p. 387
• Conclusion p. 390
• 8 Mental Status Testing p. 394
• Measurements of Cognition, Cognitive Impairment, and Dementia p. 395
• Scope of the Chapter p. 396
• The Dementia Rating Scale p. 399
• The Cognitive Capacity Screening Examination p. 404
• The Clock Drawing Test p. 407
• The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale p. 411
• The Information-Memory-Concentration Test p. 417
• The Dementia Scale p. 420
• The Mental Status Questionnaire p. 423
• The Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire p. 426
• The Mini-Mental State Examination p. 429
• The Modified Mini-Mental State Test p. 441
• The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly p. 449
• The Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly p. 456
• The Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination p. 460
• Conclusion p. 464
• Additional Instruments p. 465
• Screening Tests p. 465
• Instruments for Clinical Application p. 466
• Diagnostic Instruments p. 467
• 9 Pain Measurements p. 470
• Theoretical Approaches to Pain p. 470
• Approaches to Pain Measurement p. 472
• Questionnaire Techniques p. 473
• Behavioral Measurements of Pain p. 473
• Analogue Methods p. 474
• Scope of the Chapter p. 474
• Visual Analogue Pain Rating Scales p. 477
• The McGill Pain Questionnaire p. 483
• The Brief Pain Inventory p. 491
• The Medical Outcomes Study Pain Measures p. 496
• The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire p. 498
• The Back Pain Classification Scale p. 501
• The Pain and Distress Scale p. 506
• The Illness Behavior Questionnaire p. 508
• The Pain Perception Profile p. 514
• Conclusion p. 517
• 10 General Health Status and Quality of Life p. 520
• Measuring Quality of Life p. 520
• Scope of the Chapter p. 522
• The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales p. 526
• The Physical and Mental Impairment-of-Function Evaluation p. 535
• The Functional Assessment Inventory p. 538
• The Functional Living Index-Cancer p. 541
• The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy p. 546
• The EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire p. 551
• The Quality-Adjusted Time Without Symptoms and Toxicity Method p. 559
• The Quality of Life Index p. 564
• The COOP Charts for Primary Care Practices p. 569
• Single-Item Health Indicators p. 578
• The Functional Status Questionnaire p. 587
• The Duke Health Profile p. 591
• The OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire p. 596
• The Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation p. 604
• The Multilevel Assessment Instrument p. 609
• The Self-Evaluation of Life Function Scale p. 611
• McMaster Health Index Questionnaire p. 612
• The World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale p. 619
• The Sickness Impact Profile p. 630
• The Nottingham Health Profile p. 639
• The Short-Form-36 Health Survey p. 649
• The Short-Form-12 Health Survey p. 666
• The Disability and Distress Scale p. 671
• The Quality of Well-Being Scale p. 675
• The Health Utilities Index p. 683
• The EuroQol EQ-5D Quality of Life Scale p. 694
• Conclusion p. 702
• 11 Recommendations and Conclusions p. 704
• The Current Status of Health Measurement p. 704
• Guidelines for Developing Health Measurements p. 705
• Final Remarks p. 709
• Glossary of Technical Terms p. 711
• Index p. 719