Encyclopedia of women social reformers

The first comprehensive guide to women activists from every part of the world, illuminating the broad range of women's struggles to reform society from the 18th century to the present.

Despite being marginalized, disenfranchised, impoverished, and oppressed, women have always stepped forward in disproportionate numbers to lead movements for social change. This two-volume encyclopedia documents the visions, struggles, and lives of women who have changed the world.

This encyclopedia celebrates the lives and achievements of nearly 300 women from around the globe--women who have bravely insisted that the way things are is not the way they have to be. Nadeshda Krupskaya, the wife of Lenin, spearheaded the drive against illiteracy in post-revolutionary Russia. American Dorothy Day founded the Catholic worker movement. Begum Rokeya Hossain organized a girls' school in Calcutta in 1911. Rachel Carson launched the modern environmental movement with her book Silent Spring . The stories of these women and the hundreds of others collected here will restore missing pages to our history and inspire a new generation of women to change the world.

Over 400 A-Z biographical entries, including the childhood, education, achievements, and challenges of each woman A timeline that spans the history of women reformers from the French Revolution, to the second wave of feminism in the late 1970s, to the disenfranchised status of women in many countries in the contemporary Middle East Numerous drawings and photographs of women reformers Two special indexes listing reformers by country and by cause

• Foreword p. xv Marian Wright Edelman
• Preface p. xvii
• Acknowledgments p. xxi
• Women Social Reformers by Country p. xxiii
• Women Social Reformers by Cause p. xxix
• Volume 1 A-L
• Abbott, Edith p. 1
• Abbott, Grace p. 2
• Abella de Ramirez, Maria p. 3
• Addams, Jane p. 4
• Afghan Women Social Reformers p. 7
• Alma Dolens p. 9
• Alvarado Rivera, Maria Jesus p. 10
• Ames, Jessie Daniel p. 12
• Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett p. 13
• Anneke, Mathilde Franziska p. 16
• Anthony, Susan B. p. 18
• Arenal, Concepcion p. 21
• Armand, Inessa p. 22
• Ashby, Margery Corbett p. 25
• Ashrawi, Hanan p. 27
• Astor, Nancy p. 28
• Auclert, Hubertine p. 31
• Augspurg, Anita p. 33
• Aung San Suu Kyi p. 35
• Azmudeh, Tuba p. 37
• Bajer, Mathilde p. 39
• Baker, Ella p. 40
• Baker, (Sara) Josephine p. 42
• Balch, Emily Greene p. 43
• Bamber, Helen p. 44
• Barakat, Hidiya Hanim p. 46
• Barrios de Chungara, Domitla p. 47
• Barton, Clara p. 50
• Bates, Daisy p. 52
• Bates, Daisy p. 53
• Baumer, Gertrud p. 54
• Beale, Dorothea p. 55
• Beard, Mary Ritter p. 57
• Beauvoir, Simone de p. 59
• Beccari, Alaide Gualberta p. 60
• Becker, Lydia p. 61
• Beecher, Catharine Esther p. 63
• Behruzi, Mariam p. 65
• Belmont, Alva p. 66
• Bennett, Louie p. 68
• Benson, Stella p. 70
• Besant, Annie p. 71
• Bethune, Mary McCleod p. 75
• Bhatt, Ela p. 76
• Billington-Greig, Teresa p. 78
• Black, Clementina p. 80
• Blackburn, Helen p. 81
• Blackburn, Molly p. 82
• Blackwell, Alice Stone p. 82
• Blackwell, Antoinette Brown p. 83
• Blackwell, Elizabeth p. 85
• Blatch, Harriot Stanton p. 88
• Bloomer, Amelia Jenks p. 90
• Bloor, Ella Reeve p. 92
• Bodichon, Barbara p. 93
• Bol Poel, Martha p. 96
• Bondfield, Margaret p. 97
• Bonner, Yelena p. 99
• Bonnin, Gertrude p. 100
• Booth, Catherine p. 102
• Boucherett, Jessie p. 104
• Braun, Lily p. 106
• Bremer, Fredrika p. 108
• Brittain, Vera p. 110
• Brown, Charlotte Hawkins p. 112
• Brown, Olympia p. 113
• Bukhari, Shahnaz p. 114
• Burdett-Coutts, Angela p. 115
• Buss, Frances p. 117
• Butler, Josephine p. 119
• Byrne, Lavinia p. 123
• Caballero de Castillo Ledon, Amalia Gonzalez p. 125
• Cai Chang p. 125
• Caird, Mona p. 126
• Caldicott, Helen p. 128
• Campoamor, Clara p. 129
• Carmichael, Amy Wilson p. 130
• Carpenter, Mary p. 131
• Carrillo Puerto, Elvia p. 133
• Carson, Rachel p. 135
• Cary, Mary Ann Shadd p. 137
• Casely Hayford, Adelaide Smith p. 138
• Casgrain, Therese p. 139
• Castle, Barbara p. 140
• Catt, Carrie Chapman p. 142
• Cauer, Minna p. 144
• Chattopadhyaya, Kamaladevi p. 146
• Chaudharani, Saraladevi p. 147
• Chertkoff de Repetto, Fenia p. 148
• Chew, Ada Nield p. 149
• Child, Lydia Maria p. 150
• Chisholm, Caroline p. 152
• Chisholm, Shirley p. 154
• Clough, Anne Jemima p. 155
• Cobbe, Frances Power p. 157
• Collado, Maria p. 160
• Collett, Camilla p. 162
• Cooper, Selina p. 162
• Cornelius, Johanna p. 164
• Courtney, Kathleen D'Olier p. 165
• Cousins, Margaret p. 166
• Cunard, Nancy p. 168
• Daulatabadi, Sadiqa p. 173
• Davies, (Sarah) Emily p. 174
• Davison, Emily Wilding p. 178
• Day, Dorothy p. 179
• de Silva, Agnes p. 181
• Deng Yingchao p. 182
• Deng Yuzhi p. 182
• Dennett, Mary Ware p. 184
• Deraismes, Marie p. 186
• Deroin, Jeanne p. 187
• Despard, Charlotte p. 189
• Diana, Princess of Wales p. 192
• Dilke, Emilia p. 193
• Ding Ling p. 195
• Dirie, Waris p. 196
• Dix, Dorothea Lynde p. 197
• Dodge, Grace p. 200
• Dohm, Hedwig p. 201
• Dominguez Navarro, Ofelia p. 202
• Dorkenoo, Efua p. 205
• Dreier, Mary Elisabeth p. 206
• Dugdale, Henrietta p. 206
• Durand, Marguerite p. 207
• Dutt, Saroj Nalini p. 208
• Dworkin, Andrea p. 209
• Eastman, Crystal p. 211
• Edelman, Marian Wright p. 214
• Edgeworth, Maria p. 216
• Edip, Halide p. 217
• Farnham, Eliza Wood p. 219
• Fawcett, Millicent Garrett p. 220
• Felix, Concepcion p. 224
• Filosova, Anna p. 224
• First, Ruth p. 226
• Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley p. 228
• Ford, Isabella p. 230
• Foster, Abby (Abigail) Kelley p. 232
• Friedan, Betty p. 234
• Fry, Elizabeth p. 237
• Fukuda Hideko p. 239
• Fuller, (Sarah) Margaret p. 241
• Furujhelm, Annie p. 244
• Gage, Matilda Joslyn p. 247
• Garcia, Maria del Refugio p. 249
• Gaskell, Elizabeth p. 250
• al-Ghazali, Zeinab p. 253
• Gibbons, Abigail Hopper p. 254
• Gilman, Charlotte Perkins p. 256
• Glucklich, Vilma p. 258
• Goegg, Marie Pouchoulin p. 259
• Goldman, Emma p. 261
• Goldstein, Vida p. 264
• Gomez de Avellaneda y Arteaga, Gertrudis p. 266
• Gonne, Maud p. 267
• Gore-Booth, Eva p. 270
• Gouges, Olympe de p. 271
• Grand, Sarah p. 272
• Greer, Germaine p. 274
• Grierson, Cecilia p. 277
• Grimke, Angelina Emily and Sarah Moore p. 279
• Gutierrez de Mendoza, Juana Belen p. 282
• Gwis-Adami, Rosalia p. 284
• Hale, Clara p. 285
• Hamer, Fanny Lou p. 286
• Hamilton, Alice p. 287
• Hani Motoko p. 289
• Haslam, Anna p. 290
• He Xiangning p. 292
• Heymann, Lida Gustava p. 293
• Heyrick, Elizabeth p. 294
• Hill, Octavia p. 296
• Hiratsuka Raicho p. 300
• Hobhouse, Emily p. 301
• Holtby, Winifred p. 303
• Hopkins, (Alice) Ellice p. 305
• Hossain, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat p. 308
• Howe, Julia Ward p. 309
• How-Martyn, Edith p. 312
• Huerta, Dolores p. 314
• Ichikawa Fusae p. 317
• Inglis, Elsie p. 319
• Ishimoto Shizue p. 321
• Ito Noe p. 322
• Jackson, Helen Hunt p. 325
• Jacobi, Mary Putnam p. 327
• Jacobs, Aletta p. 329
• Jameson, Anna Brownell p. 331
• Jebb, Eglantyne p. 333
• Jeffers, Audrey Lane p. 335
• Jellicoe, Anne p. 335
• Jex-Blake, Sophia p. 337
• Jilani, Hina, and Asma Jahangir p. 339
• Jimenez y Muro, Dolores p. 340
• Jinnah, Fatima p. 341
• Jones, Mary p. 342
• Joseph, Helen Beatrice p. 344
• Joshi, Anandibai p. 345
• Juhacz, Marie p. 346
• Kanno Suga p. 349
• Kar, Mehrangiz p. 350
• Kartini, Raden Adjeng p. 351
• Kaur, Rajkumari Amrit p. 352
• Kehew, Mary Morton p. 353
• Keller, Helen p. 354
• Kelley, Florence p. 357
• Kenney, Annie p. 359
• Key, Ellen p. 361
• Khan, Raana Liaquat Ali p. 363
• Kingsford, Anna p. 364
• Kishida Toshiko p. 367
• Kollontai, Alexandra p. 368
• Kovalevskaya, Sofya p. 372
• Krog, Gina p. 373
• Krupskaya, Nadezhda p. 374
• Kuliscioff, Anna p. 376
• Kuzwayo, Ellen p. 378
• La Flesche, Susette p. 381
• Labarca Hubertson, Amanda p. 382
• Lange, Helene p. 383
• Lanteri-Renshaw, Julieta p. 385
• Laperriere de Coni, Gabriela p. 386
• Lathrop, Julia p. 388
• Lawson, Louisa p. 389
• Lee Tai-Young p. 391
• Lind-af-Hageby, Louise p. 393
• Linton, Eliza Lynn p. 396
• Liu-Wang Liming p. 397
• Livermore, Mary p. 399
• Lockwood, Belva Ann p. 400
• Lowell, Josephine Shaw p. 402
• Luisi, Paulina p. 404
• Lutz, Bertha p. 406
• Lytton, Lady Constance p. 408
• Volume 2 M-Z
• Maathai, Wangari Muta p. 411
• Machel, Graca Simbine p. 412
• MacMillan, Chrystal p. 413
• MacPhail, Agnes p. 414
• Malkowska, Olga p. 415
• Manuchehrian, Mehrangiz p. 418
• Manus, Rosa p. 419
• Markievicz, Constance de p. 420
• Marshall, Catherine p. 423
• Marson, Una p. 424
• Martineau, Harriet p. 426
• Masarykova, Alice p. 429
• Maxeke, Charlotte Manye p. 431
• Mayreder, Rosa p. 432
• McAuley, Catherine p. 433
• McClung, Nellie p. 435
• McDowell, Mary p. 436
• McMillan, Margaret p. 439
• Menchu Tum, Rigoberta p. 441
• Michel, Louise p. 443
• Mink, Paule p. 444
• Mirovich, Zinaida p. 445
• Mitchell, Hannah p. 447
• Montagu, Lily p. 448
• Montefiore, Dora p. 449
• Montessori, Maria p. 451
• More, Hannah p. 454
• Moreau de Justo, Alicia p. 456
• Mother Teresa p. 459
• Mott, Lucretia Coffin p. 460
• Mozzoni, Anna Maria p. 463
• M'rabet, Fadela p. 465
• Murphy, Emily Gowan p. 466
• Musa, Nabawiyya p. 467
• Muzzilli, Carolina p. 469
• Myrdal, Alva p. 470
• Nabarawi, Saiza p. 473
• Naidu, Sarojini p. 474
• Nasif, Malak Hifni p. 476
• Nation, Carry p. 478
• Nawaz, Begum Jahanarah Shah p. 480
• Neilans, Alison p. 481
• Nelken i Mausberger, Margarita p. 482
• Ngoyi, Lilian p. 484
• Niboyet, Eugenie p. 485
• Nightingale, Florence p. 486
• Noble, Christina p. 493
• Noonuccal, Oodgeroo Moongalba p. 495
• Norton, Caroline p. 496
• O'Brien, Charlotte Grace p. 499
• Orzeszkowa, Eliza p. 501
• Osorio, Ana da Castro p. 502
• Otto-Peters, Luise p. 503
• Ovington, Mary White p. 504
• Pandit, Vijaya Lakshmi p. 507
• Pankhurst, Christabel p. 509
• Pankhurst, Emmeline p. 513
• Pankhurst, (Estelle) Sylvia p. 518
• Pappenheim, Bertha p. 521
• Pardo Bazan, Emilia p. 523
• Parks, Rosa p. 524
• Parnell, Anna p. 527
• Parren, Callirhoe Siganou p. 528
• Paterson, Emma p. 529
• Patkar, Medha p. 531
• Paul, Alice p. 532
• Peabody, Elizabeth p. 535
• Pechey-Phipson, Edith p. 537
• Peckover, Priscilla p. 539
• Pelletier, Madeleine p. 540
• Perkins, Frances Coralie p. 542
• Peron, Eva p. 544
• Pethick-Lawrence, Emmeline p. 546
• Pizzey, Erin p. 549
• Plaminkova, Frantiska p. 550
• Pokrovskaya, Mariya p. 552
• Popelin, Marie p. 554
• Popp, Adelheid p. 554
• Potonie-Pierre, Eugenie p. 556
• Prejean, Sister Helen p. 557
• Qiu Jin p. 559
• Qurratual-Ayn p. 561
• Rahnavard, Zahra p. 563
• Ramabai, Pandita Saraswati p. 564
• Ramphele, Mamphela p. 567
• Ranade, Ramabai p. 569
• Rankin, Jeanette p. 570
• Ransome-Kuti, Fumilayo p. 571
• Rathbone, Eleanor p. 573
• Rau, Dhanvanthi Rama p. 577
• Rawson de Dellepiane, Elvira p. 579
• Reddi, Muthulakshmi p. 580
• Richard, Marthe p. 582
• Robins, Elizabeth p. 583
• Robins, Margaret Dreier p. 586
• Rodriguez Acosta, Ofelia p. 588
• Roland, Pauline p. 588
• Roosevelt, (Anna) Eleanor p. 590
• Rose, Ernestine p. 593
• Roussel, Nelly p. 595
• Royden, Maude p. 595
• Rukhmabai p. 598
• Rutnam, Mary p. 600
• Rye, Maria p. 601
• el-Saadawi, Nawal p. 605
• Sabas Aloma, Mariblanca p. 607
• Saghal, Manmohini Zutshi p. 609
• al-Said, Aminah p. 609
• Salomon, Alice p. 611
• Sand, George p. 612
• Sanger, Margaret p. 614
• Santoso, Maria Ullfah p. 618
• Schlafly, Phyllis p. 619
• Schneiderman, Rose p. 620
• Schreiber, Adele p. 622
• Schreiner, Olive p. 623
• Schwimmer, Rosika p. 625
• Scott, Rose p. 628
• Scudder, Vida p. 630
• Seacole, Mary p. 631
• Severine p. 633
• Shabanova, Anna p. 634
• Shafiq, Durriyah p. 636
• Sha'rawi, Huda p. 638
• Shaw, Anna Howard p. 641
• Sheehy-Skeffington, Hannah p. 643
• Sheppard, Kate p. 645
• Shirreff, Emily Anne p. 647
• Shishkina-Yavein, Poliksena p. 648
• Sister Nivedita p. 650
• Sister Subbalakshmi p. 652
• Sisulu, Nonsikelelo Albertina p. 652
• Soewondo-Soerasno, Nani p. 653
• Somerset, Lady Isabella p. 654
• Song Qingling p. 656
• Sorabji, Cornelia p. 659
• Sorabji, Susie p. 661
• Spence, Catherine p. 662
• Stanton, Elizabeth Cady p. 664
• Starovoitova, Galina p. 668
• Stasova, Nadezhda p. 671
• Steinem, Gloria p. 672
• Stocker, Helene p. 674
• Stone, Lucy p. 676
• Stopes, Marie p. 678
• Stout, Lady Anna p. 681
• Stowe, Emily Jennings p. 683
• Stowe, Harriet Beecher p. 684
• Street, Jessie p. 687
• Stritt, Marie p. 689
• Suslova, Nadezhda p. 690
• Suttner, Bertha Felice Sophie von p. 692
• Suzman, Helen p. 693
• Swanwick, Helena p. 694
• Szold, Henrietta p. 696
• Taleqani, Azam p. 699
• Tang Qunying p. 700
• Tarbell, Ida p. 701
• Tata, Lady Mehrbai Dorab p. 702
• Taylor, Harriet p. 703
• Te Puea p. 705
• Terrell, Mary Church p. 706
• Thomas, Martha Carey p. 707
• Tiburtius, Franziska p. 709
• Tod, Isabella p. 710
• Torres, Elena p. 712
• Tristan, Flora p. 713
• Trubnikova, Mariya p. 715
• Truth, Sojourner p. 716
• Tubman, Harriet Ross p. 718
• Twining, Louisa p. 720
• van Gripenberg, Alexandra p. 723
• Verone, Maria p. 724
• Vincent, Eliska p. 725
• Wald, Lillian D. p. 727
• Wang Huiwu p. 729
• Ward, Mary p. 730
• Webb, Beatrice p. 732
• Weiss, Louise p. 735
• Wells-Barnett, Ida B. p. 737
• Wheeler, Anna Doyle p. 739
• Wickremasinghe, Doreen p. 741
• Willard, Emma Hart p. 743
• Willard, Frances p. 744
• Wollstonecraft, Mary p. 747
• Wolstenholme-Elmy, Elizabeth p. 750
• Woodhull, Victoria Claflin p. 754
• Wright, Frances p. 756
• Xiang Jingyu p. 759
• Yajima Kajiko p. 763
• Yamada Waka p. 764
• Yosano Akiko p. 765
• Zakrzewska, Marie p. 769
• Zetkin, Clara p. 770
• Ziyadah, Mai p. 772
• Appendix Organizations by English and Original Names p. 775
• Chronology p. 789
• Selected Bibliography p. 813
• Index p. 857