The environmental crimes case : from pretrial proceedings to sentencing guidelines

Guides civil environmental lawyers through the mix of environmental statues and criminal procedure unique to their cases. The first two of the six chapters present an overview of the environmental statutes and their development. The next two chapters help lawyers develop and implement a game plan for defending a client before charges have been filed. The last chapters discuss issues and pitfalls that arise in post-indictment proceedings. The ten appendices include draft environmental sentencing guidelines, EPA incentives for self-policing, and sample document collection instructions. Member price, $89.95. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

• Preface p. vii
• Table of Authorities p. viii
• Chapter 1 The Development of Environmental Criminal Prosecutions p. 1 Jane F. Barrett
• Introduction p. 1
• Statutory Review p. 2
• Growth of the Federal Environmental Criminal Program p. 3
• Criminal Prosecutions by State and Local Authorities p. 6
• The Future of Environmental Enforcement p. 6
• Chapter 2 Overview of Federal Criminal Environmental Statutes p. 10 Vincent J. Marella and G ary S. Lincenberg
• Introduction p. 10
• Criminal Provisions of Selected Federal Environmental Statutes p. 10
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (42 U.S.C. 6901-6992k) p. 10
• Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251-1387) p. 11
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (42 U.S.C. 9601-9675) p. 13
• Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401-7561q) p. 14
• The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (7 U.S.C. 136-136y) p. 14
• Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. 2601-2692) p. 15
• Money Laundering Control Act p. 15
• Other Statutory Tools for Prosecuting Environmental Crimes p. 16
• Conclusion p. 16
• Chapter 3 Pretrial Proceedings in Environmental Cases p. 21 David M. Eldridge
• Introduction p. 21
• Motion Practice to Manage the Case p. 21
• Do You Have the Time? Slowing Down the Case p. 22
• Trimming the Fat: Managing the Volume p. 22
• Motion Practice to Ferret Out Information p. 23
• Discovery That Is Material to Preparing the Defense p. 23
• Rough Notes of Statements Taken During Government Investigation p. 24
• Statements and Grand Jury Testimony of Current and Former Employees p. 26
• Summary of Expert Witness Testimony p. 27
• Bill of Particulars p. 27
• Specific Brady Requests p. 28
• Playing to Win: Attacks on the Indictment p. 29
• Cleaning Up the Indictment p. 29
• Constitutionally Based Challenges p. 29
• Challenges Grounded in Regulatory Deficiencies p. 31
• Paperwork Reduction Act p. 31
• Gaps in RCRA State Authorization p. 33
• Mixture Rule p. 34
• The Building Blocks of a Successful Defense p. 35
• Pretrial Evidentiary Objections p. 35
• Fourth Amendment Objections p. 36
• Rule 403 Objections p. 36
• Severance of Counts p. 37
• Understanding the Statutes: The Element of Guilty Knowledge p. 37
• The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act p. 37
• The Clean Water Act p. 41
• Demystify the Chemicals -- Make Them User-Friendly p. 41
• Attack the Science p. 42
• Conclusion p. 42
• Chapter 4 Establish Environmental Defenses Early p. 56 David S. Krakoff
• Introduction p. 56
• Establish Defenses Early p. 56
• Prevention p. 57
• Environmental Compliance Programs p. 57
• Self-Audits p. 61
• Preparation p. 63
• Create an Early Warning System p. 63
• Plan Ahead--The Value of Institutional Pessimism p. 67
• Investigation p. 70
• Protecting the Privileged Nature of the Investigation p. 71
• No Violation Occurred p. 71
• The Evidence Does Not Establish that the Accused Possessed Requisite Knowledge and Intent p. 78
• Estoppel by Reliance and Nonreliance p. 81
• Equitable Defenses p. 83
• Conclusion p. 85
• Chapter 5 Post-Indictment Strategies in Defense of Environmental Crimes: Coordination of Legal and Technical Defenses at Trial p. 95 R. Christopher Locke
• Introduction p. 95
• Legal Defenses to Environmental Crimes p. 96
• Establishing and Presenting the Technical Defense p. 97
• Lack of Fair Notice and the "Knowledge" Requirement p. 99
• "Entrapment by Estoppel" in Environmental Cases p. 101
• Use of Expert Witnesses in the Technical Case p. 102
• Examination of Environmental Experts p. 104
• Direct Examination p. 105
• Cross-Examination p. 106
• Conclusion p. 107
• Chapter 6 Sentencing of Environmental Crimes p. 112 Gary S. Lincenberg
• Introduction p. 112
• Guidelines for Individual Defendants p. 112
• No Guidelines for Corporate Defendants p. 113
• Applying the Guidelines p. 113
• Individual Defendants p. 113
• Chapter 2, Part Q: Offense Conduct p. 114
• Chapter 3: Adjustments p. 118
• Chapter 5: Computing and Departing from the Sentencing Range p. 120
• Restitution and Fines for Individual Defendants p. 121
• Corporate Defendants p. 121
• General Approach to Sentencing of Organizations p. 122
• Categorizing the Fine p. 122
• Conclusion p. 125
• Appendix 1 United States Sentencing Commission: Draft Environmental Sentencing Guidelines (proposed November 1993) p. 135
• Appendix 2 Memorandum from Earl E. Devaney, Director, Office of Criminal Enforcement: The Exercise of Investigative Discretion (Jan. 12, 1994) p. 163
• Appendix 3 EPA, Incentives for Self-Policing: Discovery, Disclosure, Correction and Prevention of Violations, 60 Fed. Reg. 66,706 (1985) p. 171
• Appendix 4 Memorandum from Earl E. Devaney, Director, Office of Criminal Enforcement, Forensics, and Training: Implementation of the Environmental Protection Agency's Self-Policing Policy for Disclosures Involving Potential Criminal Violations (Oct. 1, 1997) p. 190
• Appendix 5 U.S. Department of Justice: Factors in Decisions on Criminal Prosecutions for Environmental Violations in the Context of Significant Voluntary Compliance or Disclosure Efforts by the Violator (July 1, 1991) p. 197
• Appendix 6 Summary of EPA Authority Under Federal Environmental Laws for Administrative Inspections p. 206
• Appendix 7 Sample Confidentiality Agreement p. 210
• Appendix 8 Sample Memorandum to Employees Regarding Interviews by Government Investigators p. 213
• Appendix 9 Sample Document Collection Instructions p. 215
• Appendix 10 Sample Memorandum to Employees Regarding Grand Jury Compliance p. 220
• Index p. 222
• About the Editors p. 231